Shipwreck Report: Thomas Wilson

IDENTIFICATION & SITE INFORMATION

•Vessel Name: Thomas Wilson

•Type: Whaleback Freighter

•Year Built: 1892

•Builder: American Steel Barge Company, Lake Superior, Wisconsin

•Owner: American Steel Barge Company, Buffalo, New York

•Dimensions:

•Length: 308 feet (94 meters)

•Beam: 38 feet (11.6 meters)

•Depth: 24 feet (7.3 meters)

•Tonnage:

•Gross: 1,713 tons

•Net: 1,318.39 tons

•Carrying Capacity: 3,000 tons

•Propulsion: Single screw, triple-expansion steam engine, two Scotch boilers producing 1,256 horsepower

•Location of Wreck: Off the coast of Duluth, Minnesota, Lake Superior

•Coordinates: Exact coordinates available to specialized diving groups

•Depth of Wreck: Approximately 70 feet (21 meters)

VESSEL TYPE DESCRIPTION

The Thomas Wilson was a riveted-steel Whaleback freighter, a unique design conceived by Alexander McDougall. Whaleback ships featured streamlined, cylindrical hulls with rounded ends, resembling a submarine or “whale’s back.” This design minimized wind and wave resistance, making them ideal for transporting bulk cargo such as iron ore, grain, and lumber. The Wilson’s construction included advanced safety features for its time, such as hold beams, double bothttps://shotlinediving.com/wp-content/uploads/52895851813_b64678c0f7_c.jpgs, two watertight bulkheads, and a steam pump system.

HISTORY

•Launch and Service:

Launched in 1892 from Lake Superior, Wisconsin, the Thomas Wilson was among the earliest Whaleback freighters, part of a fleet designed to revolutionize bulk freight shipping on the Great Lakes. Operated by the American Steel Barge Company, the vessel primarily transported industrial commodities across Lake Superior and other Great Lakes.

•Significance:

The Wilson represented innovation in shipbuilding during the late 19th century, emphasizing efficiency and safety. Its distinctive design set it apart from other freighters of the era and became a hallmark of the industrial expansion of the region.

FINAL DISPOSITION

•Incident:

On June 7, 1902, while departing Duluth Harbor in clear weather, the Thomas Wilson collided with the wooden Steamer George G. Hadley due to miscommunication. The Hadley failed to follow whistle signals, resulting in a collision that struck the Wilson forward of the aft hatch.

•Sinking:

The impact caused the Wilson to roll to its port side, then briefly right itself before beginning to sink bow-first. The ship disappeared beneath the waves in just three minutes. Tragically, nine of the 20 crew members perished in the incident. The wreck’s speed and severity highlighted vulnerabilities even in well-built vessels.

•Aftermath:

The disaster led to stricter navigation regulations in Duluth Harbor, aimed at preventing miscommunication and enhancing safety protocols.

CURRENT CONDITION & ACCESSIBILITY

•Wreck Condition:

The Thomas Wilson is one of the most intact examples of a Whaleback freighter on the lakebed. The vessel’s unique Hull shape, mechanical components, and structural features remain well-preserved in Lake Superior’s cold, fresh water. The wreck is a prime example for studying 19th-century shipbuilding and Whaleback design.

•Accessibility:

Resting at 70 feet (21 meters), the wreck is accessible to recreational divers with appropriate training. The clear, cold waters of Lake Superior offer good Visibility, allowing divers to observe features such as the bow, propeller, and remnants of the cargo holds.

NOTMARs & ADVISORIES

There are no active Notices to Mariners (NOTMARs) specifically associated with the Thomas Wilson wreck site. However, divers and boaters should adhere to regulations in Duluth Harbor, especially when navigating near known wreck locations.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE WRECK

The Thomas Wilson represents the zenith of Whaleback freighter innovation and its importance in the industrial era of the Great Lakes. Its preserved state offers insights into ship design, operational hazards, and the evolution of maritime safety regulations.

RESOURCES & LINKS

•Maritime History of the Great Lakes: Comprehensive information about Whaleback freighters and the Great Lakes’ industrial history.

•NOAA Office of National Marine Sanctuaries: Great Lakes underwater archaeological resources.

•Minnesota Historical Society: Wreck site documentation and related historical materials.

•Shipwreck Exploration Teams: Detailed dive logs and visual documentation of the Thomas Wilson wreck.

CONCLUSION

The Thomas Wilson is more than just a shipwreck; it is a historical artifact reflecting the industrial ingenuity and challenges of its time. The tragedy of its loss underscores the risks inherent in maritime operations, even for vessels deemed advanced for their era. Today, the wreck remains a powerful symbol of the Great Lakes’ rich maritime legacy and an invaluable site for historical and underwater exploration.

KEYWORDS

•Thomas Wilson

•Whaleback freighter

•Lake Superior shipwreck

•Duluth Harbor collision

•George G. Hadley

•American Steel Barge Company

•19th-century maritime history

•Great Lakes freighters

•Underwater archaeology